Islamic Revolution Research

Abstract Before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, in the well-known tradition of Shiite jurisprudence, the marja’iyyah had its own community of faithful followers, regardless of geographical boundaries. After the establishment of the religious system in the Islamic Republic of Iran based on Shiite political thought, the dual conflict of Ummah-Imamat versus the State-Nation became a serious challenge for the new government in various fields. The various fields of this duality emerged in matters related to foreign policy and relations with the deprived and oppressed while respecting the internal sovereignty of nations, to the defense and military fields. One of the most important aspects of this problem is in relation to Shiites living in other countries such as Iraq, Lebanon, Bahrain, and the Republic of Azerbaijan, which are naturally mostly numerically majority with Shiites, and the Islamic Revolution has inherently had the greatest impact on these societies. This article examines the Hezbollah model in Lebanon, and is written with the hypothesis that Hezbollah in Lebanon, by understanding the environmental conditions and inspired by the political thought of Imam Khomeini (RA) and Imam Khamenei (may God protect him), was able to establish a major connection in using the leadership of the jurist in Iran while being present in the Lebanese governing organizational structure as a political party, and became a reliable model in resolving the conflict between the two models of Ummah-Imamat and State-Nation.

Abstract The research shows that in the period before the Islamic Awakening, the convergence of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt was based on cultural and historical commonalities as well as economic interests, but there were also political and ideological divergences. After the Islamic Awakening, the convergence and divergence of these three countries was based on complex political, religious, and economic interactions.These interactions included competition for regional influence, differences in interpretation of political Islam, and responses to global developments such as the Islamic Awakening. Ultimately, the analysis shows that internal factors such as political structure, external factors such as great power interventions, and ideological factors all played key roles in shaping this complex pattern of convergence and divergence. This comparison helps to better understand regional developments and the challenges facing Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. The method of this research is a comparison that compares the causes and factors of convergence and divergence between Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt before and after the Islamic Awakening, according to the theory of regionalism.

Abstract The debate on the legitimacy of political systems has always been a priority in political thought. This issue is doubly sensitive in Islamic political thought because it deals with religious belief and faith of the people. Two completely different views in this field, namely the theory of "Velayat al-Faqih" of Imam Khomeini and the theory of "Wakalat al-Mushara" of Mehdi Haeri Yazdi, are compared in this article. This comparison reveals the essential difference in the views of both jurists towards the legitimacy of the government, more than anything else, from the ontological aspect and, consequently, the sanctity or non-sanctity of politics and governance, and explains the consequences of each of these views. Imam Khomeini considers the government as a divine matter and the people as its implementers rather than legitimizers, and Haeri Yazdi identifies the government as a matter inherently subordinate to the set of human reason and outside the framework of revealed recommendations. Other differences in the area of legitimacy between these two thinkers can be found in matters such as the issue of ownership, the origin of political subordination, and the characteristics of the ruler.

Abstract One of the most important consequences of war is the dimension of captivity, followed by the issue of keeping prisoners of war. The Geneva Four Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols of 1977 in international interactions are the basis for evaluating the behavior of governments with prisoners of war. The third convention of this collection is directly dedicated to prisoners of war. Given the importance of this issue in the imposed war, the present study attempts to examine the nature of the behavior of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards Iraqi prisoners of war present in Iranian camps based on the Third International Geneva Convention, using a descriptive method and utilizing library, internet, and interview resources. The research findings show: The consequences of Iranian authorities' treatment of Iraqi prisoners of war, such as recruiting a group of them to Islam, seeking refuge and not escaping from camps, etc., show the efforts and adherence of Iranians to the principles of the Third Geneva Convention. In this regard, they developed a code of conduct and adopted specific methods and techniques in dealing with prisoners, and thereby even went beyond the principles mentioned in the Geneva Convention.

Abstract This article examines the close relationship between national development and foreign policy within the framework of the 20-year vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this document, Iran is defined as a developed country with a leading economic, scientific, and technological position in the region and active interaction with the global economy. The article analyzes three development models (introverted, extroverted, mixed) and shows that Iran has moved towards extroverted (export-oriented) development after the imposed war. This model requires an interactive foreign policy and active diplomacy to benefit from global resources and is not compatible with isolationism. A developmental foreign policy must be consistent with the development model, present a positive image of Iran, gain international credibility, and prevent Iran’s position from becoming securitized. This policy is based on peaceful coexistence, de-escalation, trust-building, and multilateralism, and while maintaining national independence and security, it facilitates sustainable development and constructive global interaction. The research question is: How does a developmental foreign policy contribute to the national development goals in the Vision Document? The research hypothesis states that an outward-oriented and interactive foreign policy, by creating a suitable platform for taking advantage of global opportunities and preventing Iran's position from becoming securitized, contributes to the realization of the goals of the Vision Document, including regional primacy, while maintaining independence and national security.

Abstract In the present era, talking about women's issues and how to empower them and ensure gender justice is a common and dominant discourse in civilized societies, and since half of every society is made up of women, addressing issues related to women is of great importance. Given the importance of the discussion, especially since Western civilization is increasingly expanding its dominance over the cultures of countries by removing indicators whose validity is seriously in doubt, this article, in a problem-oriented study and by applying a descriptive-analytical method, has examined the requirements and necessities of women's empowerment in the opinions of the revolutionary leadership as the person responsible for the macro-management of the Islamic society. The results of the research indicate that three key elements regarding women's empowerment can be identified and extracted in the opinions of His Highness: 1- Avoiding the propaganda culture of the West in the field of women's issues. 2- Paying attention to the great religious heritage and adopting a faithful lifestyle according to the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah. 3- The necessity of respecting priorities regarding women's issues and the importance of the family as the most central center for the role of Muslim women.

Abstract Today, we see a vast and combined war with the Islamic Republic of Iran. A country that rejected all arrogant civilization models and was formed based on monotheistic worldview. One of the most important components of the doctrine of modern wars is the use of social media to create soft security threats, followed by threats to cultural security and ultimately national security. This has become possible mainly due to the increasing advancements of modern technologies. In the meantime, the Supreme Leader's progressive concept of explanation jihad is very important and strategic in the field of dealing with hybrid war, soft war and media war of the enemy. By understanding the important position of explanation jihad in the field of combined warfare, the current research seeks to conceptualize the geometry of explanation jihad. In this regard, all his related statements were analyzed based on the searches conducted in the website of preserving and publishing the works of Ayatollah Khamenei based on the theme analysis method, and a network of themes was obtained. Based on this, a model was designed and presented for the conceptualization and determination of mechanisms for the realization of explanation jihad in five general areas: "Intellectual Foundations", "Position and Role", "Approaches", "Requirements" and "Platforms of explanation jihad ".

Abstract Throughout history, the village formed the main sector of Iran's economy and for this reason, the largest labor force and production belonged to this sector. Since the early formation of the Pahlavi government, the countryside and rural livelihoods underwent fundamental changes and developments under the influence of the Pahlavi regime's authoritarian modernization program. The settlement policy dealt a severe blow to the livelihoods of the tribes and transferred the demographic burden of this sector to the villages. In addition, the discrimination in the government's support program in favor of the city and the urban population and the consolidation of the economic power of landowners caused the first severe shocks to affect the livelihoods of the villagers in the early Pahlavi period. After the consolidation of power of Mohammad Reza Shah, from the thirties onwards, rural livelihoods were severely affected by the land reform program and subsequent development programs. With this description, the question before this article is: What impact have the development and modernization programs had on the rural economy and, consequently, the livelihoods of the villagers? It seems that the Pahlavi government, in implementing the country's development and industrialization programs, did not focus on the countryside as one of the most important sectors of the country's economy, and giving priority to industry emptied the capacity of the countryside and prevented the flourishing of the potential of the countryside as the primary and fundamental platform for development, reducing its power and role in achieving development.

Abstract Abstract
This study provides an overview of the social welfare policies of Martyr Raisi's government, highlighting the opportunities and challenges for improving these policies. The primary focus of this research is to examine the welfare policies of the 13th government in addressing poverty reduction, inequality, and the enhancement of living standards. Employing a documentary analysis approach, the study reviews high-level policy documents and evaluates government performance reports. The findings reveal that Martyr Raisi's government has undertaken diverse measures in areas such as job creation, insurance and social security, subsidy distribution, and support for vulnerable groups to enhance social welfare. However, challenges such as economic difficulties, sanctions, complex bureaucratic structures, and regional inequalities continue to hinder the full realization of welfare goals. By summarizing the achievements and challenges of the government's welfare policies, this research aims to provide a foundation for future policymaking in this field.

Keywords: social welfare policies, 13th government, Martyr Raisi

Abstract Political development; Today, it has become a trans-gender issue and women play and participate in political issues as much as men. The criteria for political development are the realization of democracy and political democracy, equality of opportunity, political justice, and the absence of obstacles and discrimination for women's political participation. The main goal of the research is to understand and identify the patterns affecting women's political participation after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. The research method is an inductive qualitative meta-synthesis in the period from 2002 to 2024, which was conducted using a non-probability (intentional) sampling method from 123 scientific documents (extracted from the scientific databases of Normags, Mag Iran, and Iran Doc). After screening and selection,69 scientific documents were selected as the sample size and entered the analysis phase. The results show that the patterns affecting women's political participation in six macro-social indicators (social capital; socio-civil commitment; social development; social meritocracy; social acceptance); Economic (economic capital, job status, class-financial mobility; financial-job security); cultural (media literacy; linguistic capital; religious-Islamic identity; media consumption; cultural norms; cultural capital); psychological (motivation for progress; positive perception, social status; personal independence); political (political belonging and identity; political capital; political culture; political literacy; sense of political effectiveness, political motivation, political socialization; political development; desirable political governance); and demographic (education level, employment status, place of residence, socio-economic base) have been identified and counted.

Abstract How to engineer and arrange the institutions of power and the division of duties and powers of government organizations and institutions is one of the important issues of the Islamic school. Among the key questions in this field is the question of power engineering and the way institutions and powers were arranged during the period of absence from Imam Khomeini's (RA) perspective. In his opinion, there is no fixed and permanent order in this regard, and he has linked decision-making about the structure of the government to the requirements and conditions of time and place. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical based on content analysis. The proposition, "Although the content and nature of the religious government is not changeable according to Imam Khomeini (RA), but its structure is changeable without a fixed pattern, according to the conditions and situations", is the most important finding of the research.Structure means building, composition, organization and organization. In the culture of political science, "construction or structure refers to the order of sets of objects, parts and forces that are put together in a way that forms a special whole." (Aghabakhshi, 1374: 330). In the science of politics, the structure of government refers to the arrangement of forces, institutions and organizations. In other words, the government structure is the engineering of power institutions in a purposeful and systematic way. In this sense, the structure is a function of the government's goals and is built in such a way that the goals are met. And therefore, it is considered "the structure, tools and methods of guiding towards the destination and goal and a tool for efficiency" (Yousefi, 1389: 171).

Abstract In the era of globalization, the boundaries between the state and society are increasingly blurring; a situation that has led to the weakening of the public sphere through the expansion of large organizations aligned with the state and the commercialization of the media. In this context, the capitalist system, by emphasizing the expansion of instrumental rationality and the dominance of science in social life, plays a pivotal role in reproducing these conditions. The consequence of this process is the marginalization of religion and tradition, the spread of objectification and commodification phenomena, and the penetration of these consumerist patterns into the boundaries of the private sphere. The present study, using a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach, in light of the critical teachings of the Frankfurt School, seeks to answer the fundamental question of what capacities the Iranian-Islamic lifestyle has for confronting the consequences of the capitalist system in the context of globalization. The hypothesis of the article is based on the fact that the Islamic lifestyle is significant not only for Islamic societies, but also for all humanity as a source of spiritual guidance, moral regulation, and consolidation of cultural identity. The research findings show that meaningful readings of Islam have been able to enable the formation of specific social and political perspectives. In the meantime, the Islamic Republic of Iran, relying on its Iranian-Islamic identity, has the capacity to present a distinctive model in the form of an alternative lifestyle in the face of the challenges of globalization.

Abstract As one of the largest higher education institutions in Iran, the Islamic Azad University has played a significant role in the scientific, cultural, and social development of the Islamic Republic. According to the strategic perspectives of the founders of the Islamic Revolution, Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei, the university is seen as a stronghold for the realization of Islamic civilization and the training of committed, expert individuals. This study aims to analyze the role of the Islamic Azad University in the national scientific and cultural system based on the strategic viewpoints of both leaders of the Islamic Revolution and to propose a conceptual framework for its civilizational mission. The research is fundamental in nature and employs a qualitative methodology using thematic analysis. Data were collected through library and documentary studies, focusing on 15 selected speeches by Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei concerning universities, science, culture, and the Islamic Azad University. Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step approach and was conducted using MAXQDA software. Findings reveal that the university, as perceived by the revolutionary leaders, plays a crucial role in democratizing access to higher education, promoting educational justice, enhancing scientific autonomy, resisting cultural hegemony, and nurturing revolutionary human capital. The analysis identified 10 main themes, 21 subthemes, and 99 initial codes, highlighting core concepts such as people-oriented governance, scientific self-sufficiency, Islamic cultural development, and the university’s civilizational role. The study concludes that the Islamic Azad University holds a strategic position in achieving the scientific and cultural goals of the Islamic Revolution. Through reforming cultural policies and strengthening knowledge capacities, it can fulfill its mission as a civilizational institution.

Abstract By issuing the Second Step Declaration of the Islamic Revolution, the Supreme Leader has mapped out the path of the country's advancement towards the ideals of the revolution. Therefore, it is necessary for the various institutions of the country, by analyzing the Second Step Declaration of the Revolution, to recognize their specific mission and goals in the process of the country's advancement and to carry out the necessary planning and designs to play a desirable role in this field. One of the most important institutions that must recognize its role and mission and have an efficient presence in this field is the Hawzaw; because the stability of the religious and Islamic movement in the world depends on the Islamic Republic of Iran and the stability of the Islamic Republic depends on the Hawzaw. In the present article, in order to determine the status and duties of the Hawzaw, the statements of the Supreme Leader have been analyzed using the Grounded Theory method, and the main challenges, weaknesses, opportunities, strengths and requirements of the Hawzaw in the fields of science and research and spirituality, ethics and lifestyle have been determined. In the field of science and research, the most important tasks of the seminary are to clarify and explain Islamic rules, regulations, and teachings, to observe, analyze, and predict the needs and problems of the present and future of the system, to prepare answers and solutions, and to train theorists and researchers to produce theories about the Islamic system. In the field of spirituality and ethics, preserving the faith of the people as a barrier to the Islamic system, to enlighten and spread knowledge, and to develop rational and religious growth in society, and to effectively confront the cultural invasion, global deceptions, andthevast propaganda armyofthe ruling system, are roles of hawzah.